Their managers are responsible for ensuring the sanitary-epidemiological regime in hospital facilities. One of the most important, urgent tasks in modern hospitals is the prevention of nosocomial infections. For the occurrence of an infectious disease, including nosocomial infection, the presence of three links is necessary:
• the source of infection, that is, the biological object in the body of which the causative agent lives, multiplies and is released into the environment. Source of infection
tsii is a sick person or a bacterium carrier;
• factors of transmission of the pathogen from the diseased organism
healthy, free from this infection; Comprehensive measures for the prevention of nosocomial
infections are divided into two groups:
• non-specific, aimed at eliminating or resolving the source of infection, ways and factors of transmission of pathogens ;
• specific, aimed at increasing the resistance of the patient’s body and staff to certain causative agents of nosocomial infections . Reducing the risk of infection of patients provides for the prevention of infectious diseases and is ensured by the observance of sanitary rules for the design and operation of medical facilities. When conducting nonspecific prevention of hospital infections, three critical requirements must be met:
• minimizing the possibility of introducing infection into the hospital;
• maximum reduction in the risk of nosocomial infection;
• the exclusion of the removal of pathogens from the health facilities. The second area of prevention of hospital infections is the identification of immunodeficiency conditions and their adequate correction. The third direction is the use for prophylactic purposes in combination with antibacterial agents of specific serums, toxoids, and bacteriophages.
tion from each other of zones of varying degrees of purity. For this reason, infectious, obstetric, children’s hospitals and departments should be located in separate buildings. There are corresponding requirements for the functional zoning of such departments and units of hospitals as an operating unit, an infectious, a child, a maternity ward, units for the treatment of patients with immunodeficiencies, burns, etc. The effectiveness of functional zoning is closely related to the availability of the necessary set rooms of a certain unit – both chambers for accommodating patients and auxiliary rooms, the ratio of the areas of which should be 1: 1 or more in favor of auxiliary rooms. The area of all premises must be sufficient, not less than provided for by the standards. A set of requirements for the planning and organization of the hospital environment is set forth in the relevant building codes and rules (Construction Norms and Regulations) and sanitary rules and norms (SanPiN). Currently, the regulatory document SanPiN 2.1.3.1375-03 “Hygienic requirements for the placement, arrangement, equipment and operation of hospitals, maternity hospitals and other medical hospitals” is in force in Russia.
Sanitary and anti-epidemic measures 2
Sanitary and anti-epidemic measures include maintaining proper sanitary condition and observing the anti-epidemic regime in the hospital premises, monitoring their correct implementation; identification of carriers of the causative agents of infection among staff (upon hiring , during periodic preventive examinations and epidemiological indications), their rehabilitation, as well as identification of patients and carriers among patients upon admission to the hospital and during their stay in the ward.
Of great importance for the prevention of nosocomial infections is the control of bacterial contamination of the nosocomial medium — air and work surfaces of especially clean and clean rooms, materials, instruments, tools.
One of the aspects of sanitary and epidemiological measures is the systematic conduct of sanitary-educational work among staff (instructions on the rules for the reception of patients, filling rooms, cleaning rooms, using disinfectants, using bactericidal lamps, observing the rules for handling hands and personal hygiene etc.) and patients.