Specific prophylaxis or immunization is aimed at increasing the resistance of patients and staff to nosocomial infections, it is divided into planned and emergency. Routine prophylaxis or vaccination (active immunization) begins with the newborn period – in a maternity hospital, a healthy newborn is vaccinated against tuberculosis and hepatitis B, then, after reaching a certain age, the child is vaccinated in the children’s clinic from polio, pertussis, diphtheria, measles and other infections, according to the vaccination calendar. In this way, a stable lifelong immunity against these diseases is developed.
To prevent nosocomial infection of medical personnel, routine vaccination against hepatitis B and diphtheria is carried out.
Remediation of carriers of toxigenic strains of staphylococcus from the number of HCI workers is considered advisable in those cases when they have the same phagovar isolated within 6 months. Instead of using broad-spectrum antibiotics, an anti-staphylococcal bacteriophage or a 2% chlorophyllipt oil solution is used.
Emergency prevention includes measures aimed at preventing the development of the disease in people in case of infection. Its purpose is to create the immunity of the organism during the incubation period of the disease. Depending on the nature of the means used, emergency prophylaxis is divided into specific (passive immunization) and general. For passive immunization, targeted drugs are used that contain ready-made antibodies or bacteriophages – antistaphylococcal hyperimmune plasma, antistaphylococcal and measles gamma globulins, staphylococcal bacteriophage. For the general emergency prevention of nosocomial infections, broad-spectrum antibiotics are used (penicillins or cephalosporins, as well as metro-nidazole, if anaerobic infection is suspected).
Relevance of the topic . The microflora of atmospheric air is represented mainly by saprophytic cocci, spore-forming bacteria, fungi and molds. In the air of closed rooms, microorganisms are accumulated by people through the respiratory tract (streptococci, staphylococci, etc.). The greater the crowding of people in the room, the higher the total seeding by microorganisms and especially streptococci. In the air of non-residential premises, streptococci are absent.
Microbial air pollution is of great epidemiological importance, since pathogens of many infectious diseases – natural and chickenpox, plague, anthrax, tularemia, tuberculosis, whooping cough, diphtheria, measles, scarlet fever – can be transmitted through the air (aerogenically) from a patient to a healthy person. , mumps, flu, pneumonia, meningitis, etc.
The fundamentals of the doctrine of airborne infections were laid by the Russian hygienist P. N. Laschenkov, who headed the department of hygiene at Tomsk Imperial University from 1905 to 1925. In 1897, he experimentally proved that transmission of infection through air can occur in two ways:
• drip – when inhaling the smallest droplets of saliva, sputum, mucus secreted by patients or bacilli carriers during a conversation, coughing, sneezing;
• dusty – through dust suspended in the air containing pathogenic microorganisms.
Some bacterial forms that enter the airways with air have the ability to sensitize the human body, and even dead microorganisms are dangerous as allergens. Cases of the development of allergic reactions when bacteria-saprophytes, in particular, Bac, enter the respiratory tract are described . Prodegiosum, fungi Cladosporium, Mucor, Penicillium, etc. Microorganisms such as sarcinoma, pseudodiphtheria bacillus are also allergens.